How does X-ray Tube Work?

X-ray tube works as follows:

1.The heated filament is positively charged and the tungsten target is negative.

2.Electrons are emitted from the heated filament towards the tungsten target due to the very high potential difference between them.

3.The tungsten target absorbs the electrons and releases some of the energy in the form of X-rays.

This process is very inefficient however and a lot of energy is released in heat. For this reason the tungsten target has a copper mounting because it conducts heat and is cooled with by circulating oil through the mount. Spinning  tungsten target at high speed also helps to stop it overheating.

What is Tungsten Target for X-ray?

Tungsten target is the anode of an x-ray tube.

As tungsten alloy have many applications, such as bulb filaments, X-ray tubes (as both the filament and target), etc.

Tungsten is used as one of the materials for the anode as the electrons emitted from the cathode and striking the anode generate a good deal of heat, besides, tungsten is a high temperature metal, which is made from raw ground tungsten powder, been pressed and sintering. It is then hot isostatic pressed, bloomed, cold rolled, machined and bonded with a copper backing plate.
The electronic structure of tungsten makes it one of the main sources for X-ray. 
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Why Tungsten is Chosen for X-ray Beam Protection?

Tungsten has a very high melting point but it is nevertheless melted where X-ray beam strikes: for this reason the target is rotated to give a fresh target surface very frequently and the tungsten target is a fairly thin plate welded or brazed onto a water-cooled copper backing. Less than 1% of the electrical energy delivered into the X-ray tube comes out as X-rays; the other more than 99% is waste heat. Tungsten is chosen for the short wave length and penetrating power of it's characteristic X-rays rather than because of it's high melting temperature.

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Why Tungsten Target for X-Ray Tube is Good?

Tungsten target implies an X-ray tube where high energy electrons are directed in a vacuum to strike a tungsten target. Where the electrons strike the tungsten very short wavelength X-rays are generated and pass out through the vacuum tube for use in medical diagnosis and engineering radiography of welds and castings etc. Tungsten target is usually used in x-ray tube, there are usually two reasons for these application:

1. Tungsten has a relatively high density, which could protect relatively high energy characteristic x-rays.

2. Tungsten has the highest melting point of any metal, and because over 99% of the energy put into the x-ray tube to produce the beam is turned into heat energy, the ability to disparate the heat without loosing structural integrity is critical.

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Tungsten Shielding for Radiation Exposure

The effective way to reduce exposure to radiation is to place something between the radiographer and the source of radiation, and study shows that tungsten alloy would be the most suitable material. In general, the more denser the material the more shielding it will provide, and tungsten alloy did. The most effective shielding could also be provided by depleted uranium metal. But it is toxic, and do damage to the environment. However, as tungsten alloy is environmental-friendly, it could be much favorable than depleted uranium metal. For more details, you could visit tungsten shielding for radiation exposure.

Distance for Radiation Protection

Increasing distance from the source of radiation will reduce the amount of radiation received. As radiation travels from the source, it spreads out becoming less intense. This is analogous to standing near a fire. The closer a person stands to the fire, the more intense the heat feels from the fire. This phenomenon can be expressed by an equation known as the inverse square law, which states that as the radiation travels out from the source, the dosage decreases inversely with the square of the distance. Tungsten alloy radiation shielding is usually used for radiation protection, for more details, you could visit distance for tungsten alloy radiation protection.

How to Control Radiation Exposure?

The three basic ways of controlling exposure to harmful radiation are:

1) limiting the time spent near a source of radiation,

2) increasing the distance away from the source,

3) and using shielding to stop or reduce the level of radiation.

The radiation dose is directly proportional to the time spent in the radiation. Therefore, a person should not stay near a source of radiation any longer than necessary. If a survey meter reads 4 mR/h at a particular location, a total dose of 4mr will be received if a person remains at that location for one hour. In a two hour span of time, a dose of 8 mR would be received. The following equation can be used to make a simple calculation to determine the dose that will be or has been received in a radiation area.

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