What is Beta Radiation？

Beta radiation is a light, short-range particle and is actually an ejected electron. Some characteristics of beta radiation are:

Beta radiation may travel several feet in air and is moderately penetrating.

Beta radiation can penetrate human skin to the "germinal layer," where new skin cells are produced. If high levels of beta-emitting contaminants are allowed to remain on the skin for a prolonged period of time, they may cause skin injury.

Beta-emitting contaminants may be harmful if deposited internally.

Most beta emitters can be detected with a survey instrument and a thin-window GM probe (e.g., "pancake" type). Some beta emitters, however, produce very low-energy, poorly penetrating radiation that may be difficult or impossible to detect. Examples of these difficult-to-detect beta emitters are hydrogen-3 (tritium), carbon-14, and sulfur-35.

Clothing provides some protection against beta radiation.

Examples of some pure beta emitters: strontium-90, carbon-14, tritium, and sulfur-35.

Tungsten alloy material should be the most suitable material for alpha radiation protection, for more details, you could visit here.

What is Alpha Radiation?

Alpha radiation is a heavy, very short-range particle and is actually an ejected helium nucleus. Some characteristics of alpha radiation are:

Most alpha radiation is not able to penetrate human skin.

Alpha-emitting materials can be harmful to humans if the materials are inhaled, swallowed, or absorbed through open wounds.

A variety of instruments has been designed to measure alpha radiation. Special training in the use of these instruments is essential for making accurate measurements.

A thin-window Geiger-Mueller (GM) probe can detect the presence of alpha radiation.

Instruments cannot detect alpha radiation through even a thin layer of water, dust, paper, or other material, because alpha radiation is not penetrating.

Alpha radiation travels only a short distance (a few inches) in air, but is not an external hazard.

Alpha radiation is not able to penetrate clothing.

Examples of some alpha emitters: radium, radon, uranium, thorium.

Tungsten alloy material should be the most suitable material for alpha radiation protection, for more details, you could visit here.

What is Ionizing Radiation?

Ionizing radiation can be measured using units of electron volts, ergs, and joules. The electron-volt (abbreviated eV) is a unit of energy associated with moving electrons around. An electron is “tightly bound” in a hydrogen atom (one proton and one electron). It takes energy to move this electron away from the proton. It takes 13.6 electron-volts of energy to move this electron completely away from the proton. We say then that the atom is “ionized.” In the jargon, the “ionization energy” of the tightly bound electron in hydrogen is 13.6 electron volts. Tungsten would be the best choice for ionizing radiation, for more details, you could visit here.

Radiation Detector In Your Smartphone

A smartphone camera can make you a walking gamma ray detector. Without needing any extra hardware, you could get a warning on your phone when you're approaching potentially harmful levels of gamma radiation.

They concluded that the phones have the processing power to detect gamma radiation with their built-in cameras and to measure levels on the phone. With the help of a program on a remote server, the app captures and measures an average energy level, then uses a model to figure out what types of radioactive material could be emitting the radiation. Basically, once your phone has been calibrated with the app, you'll have a radiation detector in your pocket.

The scientists are considering a commercial partnership to develop the app for the general public. In the meantime, there are other apps that can give you an estimate of the gamma radiation around you.

Tungsten material is a suitable material for gamma radiation protection, for more details, you could visit here.

Tungsten Alloy Radiation Shielding Applications

A particularly dense material with excellent shielding properties is needed to ensure that the surrounding tissue is protected and the radiation guided only to the intended locations--high density tungsten alloys are widely used as medical and industrial tungsten alloy radiation shielding applications.Tungsten alloys are used for radioactive source containers, gamma ray protection, radiation shields, x-ray shielding and source holders for oil-well, logging, and industrial instrumentation. We can also use our tungsten alloys to make collimators and shielding for cancer therapy machines, and as syringe protection for radioactive injections.There is no licensing required for tungsten alloy materials. Tungsten alloys are stable at high temperatures. You can use one-third less material than lead for the same energy-absorbing effectiveness, meanwhile it is non-toxic.

Tungsten Alloy Shielding Extrusion Process

Extrusion, which is a process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile. Tungsten alloy shielding material can be pushed or pulled through a die of the desired cross-section in extrusion process. The extrusion process may also increase the strength of tungsten alloy shielding.
The process begins by heating the stock material (for hot or warm extrusion). It is then loaded into the container under the press. A dummy block is placed behind it where the ram then presses on the material to push it out of the die. Afterward the extrusion is stretched in order to straighten it. If better properties are required then it may be heat treated or cold worked. The extrusion ratio is defined as the starting cross-sectional area divided by the cross-sectional area of the final extrusion. Compare with forging, one of the main advantages of the extrusion process is that this ratio can be very large while still producing quality parts. For the extrusion process, only one compression can cause extrusion ratio is about 60%~80%. In forging process, one compression cause extrusion ratio is no more than 20% ,otherwise the scrap rate will be greatly enhanced.

Medical Devices Tungsten Polymers

Tungsten polymers used to produce catheters and other devices that are inserted into the body for diagnostic or interventional procedures are commonly filled with substances opaque to x-ays, thereby rendering the medical devices visible under fluoroscopy or x-ray imaging. These fillers, or radiopacifiers—tungsten(typically dense metal powders)—affect the energy attenuation of photons in an x-ray beam as it passes through matter, reducing the intensity of the photons by absorbing or deflecting them. Because these materials exhibit a higher attenuation coefficient than soft tissue or bone, they appear lighter on a fluoroscope or x-xay film. This visibility provides the contrast needed to accurately position the device in the affected area. Image contrast and sharpness can be varied by the type and amount of radiopacifier used, and can be tailored to the specific application of the device.

Tungsten Radiation Shielding Forging Process

Forging is a main machining process to produce tungsten radiation shielding.Tungsten and several tungsten alloys have been successfully forged over a wide range of temperatures from as low as 1800 to 3500F. In rocket nozzle forging, a billet height reduction of approximately 80% at forging temperatures below the critical recrystallization temperature is considered essential. This imparts the fine-grained, fully wrought, fibrous structure that is characteristic of high strength and good ductility at low transition temperatures.
Tungsten is generally forged in the hot-cold work temperature range where hardness and strength increase with increasing reductions. Both systems exhibit increasing forgeability with decreasing grain size.The greatest use for tungsten forgings has been in rocket nozzle applications. Production forging of tungsten nozzle inserts has been largely limited to billets prepared by powder metallurgy techniques because of their earlier availability than cast tungsten.

Tungsten Polymer Radiation Shielding Advantages

Tungsten polymer, such as nylons, urethanes and thermoplastic elastomers, having tungsten content ranging from 65% to 80% by weight, has many advantages to support its radiation shielding application:

High density: specific gravity≥11.34 g/cm3, providing an alternative material.
Good flexibility: with rubbery feel and good flex fatigue resistance, overturn the conventional touch of tungsten metal and tungsten alloy.
Excellent workability: soft and smooth, easy to work with and to be cut, high freedom in shape.
Perfect environmental suitability: non-toxic, no pollution to soil, water and air, solving the problem of lead in non-hazardous radiation shielding applications.

Tungsten Polymers X-ray Absorption for Medical Devices

Tungsten polymers are used to produce catheters and other devices that are inserted into the body for diagnostic or interventional procedures are commonly filled with substances opaque to x-rays, thereby rendering the devices visible under fluoroscopy or x-ray imaging.

These fillers, or radiopacifiers—tungsten(typically dense metal powders)—affect the energy attenuation of photons in an x-ray beam as it passes through matter, reducing the intensity of the photons by absorbing or deflecting them, could be a suitable material for X-ray absorption for many radioan facilities especially medical devices. Because these materials exhibit a higher attenuation coefficient than soft tissue or bone, they appear lighter on a fluoroscope or x-ray film. This visibility provides the contrast needed to accurately position the device in the affected area. Image contrast and sharpness can be varied by the type and amount of radiopacifier used, and can be tailored to the specific application of the device.

Where Do X-rays Come From?

An x-ray machine, like that used in a doctor's or a dentist's office, is really very simple, but inside the machine is an x-ray tube, then X-rays come from that.

An electron gun inside the tube shoots high energy electrons at a target made of heavy atoms, such as tungsten material. X-rays come out because of atomic processes induced by the energetic electrons shot at the target. Tungsten material is a suitable choice for radiation protection, for more details, you could click X-rays protection.

Why Tungsten is Good Choice for Radiation Protection

Tungsten material could reduce the size and volume to have a better radiation absorption environment, which is much superior to lead, because of its high density rage from 17.0g/cm3 to 18.5g/cm3, then much denser. When you need to direct a specific amount of radiation to a targeted area, tungsten provides a control you need even under extreme, high-heat conditions.

Therefore, tungsten is popular for radioactive source containers, gamma radiography, source holders for oil-well logging and industrial instrumentation; also used widely for medical radiation protection such as in cancer therapy, syringe injections radioactive protection, X-ray examination, gamma knife operation, etc.

Tungsten Alloy for Efficient Radiation Protection

Lead is a toxic material that is harmful to the environment and humans. The onerous recycling process makes lead expensive despite the low initial procurement costs. Many enterprises are therefore looking for a suitable alternative for providing efficient radiation protection.

Whether in the world of medical or industrial X-ray technology, radiotherapy or nuclear power stations: Wherever high-energy radiation is used, it is vital to protect people against it. The denser the material, the better radiation absorption will be. That is why tungsten alloy absorbs X-rays and gamma radiation particularly well. Lead is still the most frequently used shielding material as it is very soft material, and mostly used only in combination with support structures made of steel.

Tungsten Alloy Shielding Machinability

Tungsten alloy is a material having difficulty in machining, especially cutting, so its machining is limited to grinding by use of a diamond wheel, etc. or electro-discharge machining. Although tungsten alloy mainly consists of tungsten, one of the hardest materials, it can be machined with a cemented carbide tool. Tungsten alloy shielding can be machined into various shapes by milling, end-milling, tapping, etc.

Lead-free Radiation Shielding Advantages

Lead has been considered to be the good ability in radiation shielding for decades. It’s cheap, easy to process, and provides very effective shielding. Yet growing health, safety and environmental concerns over the mining, processing, handling and disposal of lead have brought about an increasingly stringent regulatory environment regarding the sale and use of lead products.

There are three factors which determine the amount of radiation received from a source: time of exposure; distance from source; and shielding. Based upon the application, the optimized shielding by designing the material density and wall thickness has been found. Utilizing a composite of tungsten powder in a polymeric matrix, lead free radiation shielding materials provide device manufacturers and material processors with a completely lead-free, injection-moldable thermoplastic solution to overcome all regulatory concerns and satisfy radiation shielding needs.

Lead-free radiation shielding advantages of high density, small capacity, good machinability, environment friendly, etc. have led tungsten material more and more popular with the public.

 

Tungsten Polymer Sheet Applications

Tungsten polymer sheet applications are mainly for radiation protection as its high density but easily to be cut into different shape needed, which have been proven to be safe and have no effect on the human body. Tungsten polymer is a high-polymer material that possesses the properties of both plastic and rubber, so it is easily to be cut or holed with household scissors and formed into shapes with various curved surfaces.

Other radiation shielding products have been made mainly from sheets of metal such as lead, it also has ability of radiation protection, however, as it is lower density, making the shielding much heavier and very hard to handle, and there have been concerns about their effects on the human body. In contrast, tungsten polymer sheet comprised of soft thermoplastic lassoers integrated with an inorganic substance is mainly used for radiation protection applications. Tungsten polymer sheet applications are mainly as follows:

Radiation shielding and radiation-protective equipment;

X-ray inspection device for industrial and medical use;

Gamma-ray shielding material and substitute for lead fiber mat in nuclear reactor piping systems.

For more details, you could visit tungsten polymer sheet. 

Tungsten Polymer Shielding Properties

Tungsten polymer shielding is made of tungsten powder and polymer, tungsten polymer enjoys many excellent properties or special characteristics such as high density (≥11.34 g/cm3), perfect radiation shielding performance, good flexibility, excellent workability and perfect environmental suitability.

The main properties are as follows:

1.Provides approx. 75% attenuation as compared to solid lead

2.Attenuation of 175% compared to a high density lead blanket

3.Priced competitively to lead for many applications

4.Available as a blanket, ribbon wrap or molded shapes; flexible or rigid

5.Cut materials to fit without needing to seal edges - no residue

6.Included fasteners, grommets, locking devices, etc.

7.Improved fit-up --- molded applications typically will yield much higher reduction factors - less weight with same impact

8.Tested to 550°F/288°C

Any more details could found in tungsten polymer shielding. 

Tungsten Polymer Shielding Applications

Tungsten polymer shielding applications are so many and could work as lead alternatives as its high density and excellent radiation absorption.

Typical shielding densities approaching twice that of high density lead blankets with similar thickness. The new shielding material, which is tungsten polymer, with highly flexible and can be molded/formed into any shape. Tungsten polymer is a composition of various resins and tungsten powder which are mixed together through special metallurgical technology. The resins may include ABS (acryloynitrile butadiene styrene), PP (polypropylene), PBT (polybutylene terephthalate), PA (polyamide), PU (polyurethane), TPE (thermoplastic elastomer), etc. This material often is considered as lead alternatives.

The main of Tungsten polymer shielding applications:

Maximized the shielding impact, particularly in tight spaces

Offering ease of installing and securing

Integral securing straps included

Greatly increased shielding effectiveness by custom profiling the shield relative to the "hot spot" or radiation source

Any more details could found in tungsten polymer shielding. 

Tungsten Radiation Shielding Machining

High-density tungsten radiation shielding is extremely strong and durable (typical hardness ranges from 24-32 RC), so it has a good machinability. Tungsten has low-thermal expansion rate and resistance to breakage and chipping allow you to achieve very close tolerances and hold fine finishes.

There are some main machining processes for tungsten radiation shielding:

Turning: Positive rake tooling is suggested. Seco triangle inserts TPG432 or TPG431 grade 883.

Drilling: Carbide tooling is suggested. Increased clearance angles and automatic feeds are often used to avoid binding and seizing. Carbide drills will give a better tool life.

Milling: Premium uncoated end mills with a regular spiral such as SGS. Insert cutters; use square multi-edge or single edge cutters, such as KC730. Also can use positive rake octagon cutters, such as Seco grade 883.

Cutting: When sawing, use a bi-metal blade; blade pitch should be relative to the thickness of the material. Material can also be cut using high-speed abrasive cutoff wheels.

Threading: when it needs to be assembled, thread is required. Carbide tool is suggested.

Any more details could found in tungsten radiation shielding. 

Tungsten is Good Choice for Radiation Shielding

Unlike lead, tungsten material could reduce the size and volume to have the same radiation absorption as lead.

As we know, tungsten is widely used for radioactive source containers, gamma radiography, shields and source holders for oil-well, logging, and industrial instrumentation, because of its high density, much denser then better radiation absorption. Therefore, tungsten is also popular for medical radiation shielding such as used in cancer therapy, as well as syringe protection for radioactive injections, etc.

When you need to direct a specific amount of radiation to a targeted area, tungsten provides the control you need even under extreme, high-heat conditions.

Any more details could found in tungsten radiation shielding. 

Tungsten Medical Shielding Application

Tungsten medical shielding application is using as collimator for its high density.

It is the most effective material for shielding and has good machinable, so it is widely usedfor radiation protection in medical areas.

Compared to lead, tungsten is much more environmentally friendly and higher density with smaller capacity of the same weight. It usually used to absorb X-ray and gamma ray by making into the collimator, which is a device that filters a stream of rays so that only those traveling parallel to a specified direction are allowed through. According to the use of lenses, it is not yet possible to focus radiation with such short wavelengths into an image as is routine with electromagnetic radiation at optical or near optical wavelengths. In this way, tungsten medical shielding works as collimator is useful in absorbing neutron, X-ray and gamma-ray.

If you need more information about tungsten medical shielding, you could visit http://www.tungsten-alloy.com/medical-applications-of-tungsten-alloy.html.

Tungsten X-ray Detector

Tungsten X-ray detector is high-purity Ge-detector with 23 crystals arranged in a semi-annular array made by tungsten material. The 23 detector crystals are equally spaced in steps of 8.2°, covering azimuthal angles from 0° to 180°. The detectors are in orthogonal pairs, allowing simultaneous measurement of 11 sets of orthogonal q-vector components. Tungsten is hiding in detector to control the direction of energy dispersive. This design is intended to improve the determination of strain tensor components and permits the measurement of crystallographic texture with a single detector set-up. The multi-element arrangement is also an advantage when the average grain size in the sample is comparable with the beam dimension. In this case, reflections can vanish for certain azimuthal angles. Element 23 at 180° is symmetrical to element 1 at 0° and is used for detector alignment.

If you need more information about tungsten X-ray detector, you could visit http://www.tungsten-alloy.com/tungsten-alloy-radiation-shielding.html.

Tungsten Poly Properties

Tungsten poly properties are mainly as follows:

High density: ≥11.34 g/cm3

Perfect radiation shielding absorption: Tungsten has comparable radiation shielding ability as lead but is much healthier than lead. To date, many manufacturers, especially those in medical industry, are trying to replace lead radiation shielding products with tungsten poly.

Good machinability: can be cut or holed easily with household scissors and formed into shapes with various curved surfaces.

Environmentally friendly: Tungsten poly is totally different from lead, but it is non-toxic, and is recyclable material having no pollution to the environment.

If you need more information about tungsten poly, you could visit http://www.tungsten-alloy.com/tungsten-poly.html.

Tungsten Poly Radiation Shielding Density

Tungsten poly radiation shielding is a definition for tungsten-polymer composites, working as a new substitutes to lead or tungsten-based heavy alloys. Its composite system has two components: tungsten and polymer, which acts as filler and combines high weight percent of tungsten powder. Tungsten poly radiation shielding density is about 13~14 g/cc. As far as we know, the density of lead is about 10.0 g/cc -10.8 g/cc. The density of tungsten-based heavy alloy is about 16 g/cc to 18.5 g/cc. High density tungsten nylon may vary between 10 g/cc to 14 g/cc. Tungsten poly radiation shielding is most popular, as it is quite different from tungsten heavy alloy material, and there is no need to be sintered, but it is usually made by injection molded, which could shorten the delivery time.

If you need more information about tungsten poly, you could visit http://www.tungsten-alloy.com/tungsten-poly.html.

Polymer Tungsten Shielding Composites

Polymer-tungsten can be applied for X-ray shielding as a reliable substitute material for lead. The lamination order of tungsten film and sendust composite film affects the final performance of the laminated composites.Polymer-tungsten shielding composites had been studied the effects of multilayer structure on X-ray shielding ability. Though the metals were nonleaded, the metal contents were low, and the composite films were thin, the composite films showed favorable X-ray shielding ability due to the uniform dispersion of metal particles in the polymer matrix and the flake alignment of tungsten. This means that multi-layered particles can effectively absorb the penetrating photons and they fill the pin holes in the composite. More uniformly aligned tungsten shows better shielding effect than randomly oriented lead.

Any enquiry will be warmly welcome by email sales@chinatungste.com.

Tungsten Radiation Collimators Classification

There two kinds of tungsten radiation collimators classifications, tungsten panoramic collimators and tungsten directional collimators. Collimators contain and direct the beam of radiation during exposure. This results in improved radiograph quality and safer operating conditions. Tungsten panoramic collimators consist of a stainless steel housing containing two tungsten inserts. Tungsten directional collimators direct the radiation beam from a side port as a 60° conical side throw. A wide range of collimators have been developed to meet the variety of applications and techniques used.

Any enquiry will be warmly welcome by email sales@chinatungste.com.

Gamma Camera Tungsten Parallel Collimator

Gamma camera tungsten parallelcollimator is a thick plate of tungsten riddled with a large number of very thin parallel channels. The gamma rays which can pass through it are those whose direction is perpendicular to the surface of the tungsten plate and the scintillating crystal. The channel axes point towards the body part under examination, and the tungsten stops all gamma photons traveling at an oblique angle. Other collimators can be designed using different techniques: a pinhole collimator is used for thyroid scintigraphy scans, whereas fan-shaped collimators are used for imaging of the brain.

Any enquiry will be warmly welcome by email sales@chinatungsten.com.

Nuclear Medicine Tungsten Radiation Shielding Application

Tungsten alloy has excellent radiation attenuation properties, with thinner thickness but high effective in blocking harmful X-ray and gamma radiation. Tungsten alloy shielding is the best choice in nuclear medicine. Nuclear medicine tungsten radiation shielding is usually used in the nuclear medical equipment, such as collimator, linear accelerator, multileaf collimator,computed tomography,X-ray energy, absorptiometry, and gamma knife.

Any enquiry will be warmly welcome by email sales@chinatungsten.com.

Tungsten Alloy Leaf for Gamma Ray Shielding

As the high density and excellent radiation absorption for radiation, tungsten alloy leaf is widely used for medical radiation protection, such as gamma ray shielding, etc.

Compared to pure tungsten, tungsten alloy material is not so brittle, and could be machined into various shapes as per client’s drawing requirement. Therefore, it could be easily machined as per the beam stopper demand, which including simultaneous beam shaping and intensity modulation of therapeutic beams. To stop the gamma ray better, tungsten alloy usually is made into leaf shape as the following picture, also it could be machined into the size as L2000mm max. xW600mm max. xT0.02mm min. , and the components are usually 90WNiFe, 90WNiCu, 93WNiFe, 95WNiFe, 95WNiCu, 97WNiFe, for more information, you could visit the website tungsten alloy radiation shielding, and also could e-mail to sales@chinatungsten.com.

Tungsten Alloy Invention to Multi-Leaf Collimator

As the properties such as high density and environmental-friendly, tungsten alloy material is usually used to invent a new type of multi-leaf collimator for radiation protection.

Embodiments of the present invention provide a multi leaf collimator (MLC). These embodiments have a plurality of leaves having a length of travel. Each leaf has a proximal end, a distal end, a radio opaque distal blocking portion having a length L and width W, a proximal drive portion having a length L′ and width W′, one or more conductive coils fixed to the proximal drive portion and operatively connected to an electrical current source, where electrical current passing through the conductive coils generates a first magnetic field. The MLC of these embodiments also have a leaf guide with a plurality of channels arranged approximately parallel and adjacent to each other where at least a portion of each of the plurality of leaves is slidingly arranged into each of said channels, and a plurality of stationary magnets positioned adjacent to the proximal drive portion, where each stationary magnet has a second magnetic field configured to operate in conjunction with the first magnetic field from the coils to exert a force on the proximal drive portion. For the high density, we could reduce the size and the volume for the collimator with tungsten alloy material but having the same radiation absorption before. 

What is multi-leaf collimator?

Multi-leaf collimator includes a plurality of leaves, a leaf guide configured to support the plurality of leaves, and a plurality of magnets. Each leaf includes a blocking portion that is radio opaque, a drive portion connected to the blocking portion, and a coil embedded in the drive portion. The coil is operatively connected to an electrical current source to generate a first magnetic field. The first magnetic field interacts with the magnetic field generated by the magnet to thereby move the leave to a desired state. The leaves have the capability of moving at speeds of 50 cm/s up to and higher than 1 m/s.

Tungsten alloy material shows as a very suitable choice for multi-leaf collimator radiation protection. The present invention shows that the higher responsive to radiation could be acquired through tungsten alloy multi-leaf collimator.

Radiation Has Effect on Mars Mission

NASA now has to expose astronauts to cancerous, or even lethal, levels of space radiation. It's an ethical quandary for those involved in NASA's renewed push toward deep-space exploration. And it's being explored by some of the most distinguished scholars, scientists, engineers, health professionals and ethicists in the nation.

On a 500-day round trip to Mars, astronauts would fly outside the Earth's magnetic field, which largely protects International Space Station crews and the planet from deadly forms of space radiation. Those flying beyond Earth orbit would face consequential radiation risks, including exposure to: Solar energetic particles generated by solar flares or coronal mass ejections from the sun. Galactic cosmic rays from the exploding stars, quasars and gamma ray burst outside our solar system. Shielding and sheltering measures can protect crews from solar energetic particles, but new breakthroughs in lightweight materials are needed to make deep-space missions possible.

Actually, there is also a suitable material of tungsten alloy for radiation protection, for more details, you could visit: http://www.tungsten-alloy.com/en/alloy07.htm.

How to Protect Yourself from Nuclear Fallout?

Nuclear bomb No. one wants to think about a nuclear crisis – and hopefully it will never happen, but we all must accept the fact nuclear tensions are rising globally with North Korea (plus Iran, Al-Qaeda and others are seeking nukes) so we should prepare ourselves and our loved ones in the event the unthinkable strikes our soil.
Unless you are actually at ground zero or within several miles radius of the blast zone (depending on the size of the nuke, of course), there is a very high probability you’ll survive as long as you. Therefore, to know clearly how to protect yourself from nuclear fallout is very important:
Limit your exposure to radiation,
Take shelter with proper shielding, and
Wait for the most dangerous radioactive materials to decay.
The last point is very important for our life, actually, there is one kind of basic material of nuclear radiation absorption, that is tungsten alloy material, for more details, you could visit our website: http://www.tungsten-alloy.com/en/alloy07.htm

What is Beta-Gamma Radiation?

Beta-Gamma is a non-traditional style hall, housing residents in four-room suites consisting of double rooms and a shared bathroom. Each room has its own exterior door. The stacks of Ridgeway Gamma weave their way through the trees and hillsides on which they are built. Located between north and south campus, the Ridge is closest to the Rec Center and just uphill from the library, Red Square and most everything else on campus.
Gamma Stack 3 has two lounges, one with a kitchenette, and one with a big screen TV and piano. Beta residents also have access to the lounges located in Beta Stack 8. Laundry facilities are one floor down from each respective lounge, and a sauna in Beta is also open to residents of the Beta-Gamma community. A small indoor bike storage area and outdoor bike storage is available.
Tungsten heavy alloy material is an excellent material for radiation protection. For more details, you could visit our website: http://www.tungsten-alloy.com/en/alloy07.htm

What Are X-Rays And Gamma Rays?

There are many different types of radiation – from the light that comes from the sun to the heat that is constantly coming off our bodies. But when talking about radiation and cancer risk, it is often x-rays and gamma rays that people think about.

X-rays and gamma rays can come from natural sources, such as radon gas, radioactive elements in the earth, and cosmic rays that hit the earth from outer space. But this type of radiation can also be man-made. X-rays and gamma rays are created in power plants for nuclear energy, and are also used in smaller amounts for medical imaging tests, cancer treatment, food irradiation, and airport security scanners.

X-rays and gamma rays are both types of high energy (high frequency) electromagnetic radiation. They are packets of energy that have no charge or mass (weight). These packets of energy are known as photons. Because X-rays and gamma rays have the same properties and health effects, they are grouped together in this document.

There is one type of the most suitable material for radiation protection, which is tungsten alloy material; you could get more information from http://www.tungsten-alloy.com/en/alloy07.htm.

Distinguish Between Gamma Ray &X-Ray

Gamma rays are distinguished from X-rays by their origin. Gamma rays are produced in nuclear processes such as radioactivity, or electron-positron annihilation. X-rays are produced by accelerated electrons. There is an overlap between the highly energetic X-rays and the low energetic gamma rays.
In terms of energy gamma rays reside at the far end of the electromagnetic spectrum and can carry energies upward of roughly 100 keV.
To be able to observe gamma rays from objects in the Universe, the detector needs to be above the main part of the Earth's atmosphere because the atmosphere efficiently absorbs the gamma-ray photons. Early observations of gamma rays were done by airborne telescopes on-board airplanes and balloons, and were followed by dedicated satellites in Earth orbit.
Tungsten alloy material is very suitable material for the related radiation protection as its high density.

Tungsten Alloy Shielding for Gamma Sources of Cesium 137

A new technology for gamma shielding is already used as tungsten alloy material radiation protection. There is a research for special tungsten alloy material for gamma sources of Cesium 137, which is a lead-free radiation protective fabric in a form of a blanket created with nanotechnology. It could reduce emission from high energy gamma sources such as Cesium 137. Such material might be hidden beneath the silicon ceramic or inside of the cylindrical body of E-cat HT where the heaters are placed.
As its high density, good machinability, high hardness, excellent elongation, wear resistance, tungsten alloy material is more and more popular for gamma sources shielding and protection. For more details, you could visit http://www.tungsten-alloy.com/tungsten-alloy-radiation-shielding.html.

Tungsten Alloy Shielding for Gamma Radiation

Gamma rays emitted from the nickel nanopowder that is closer to the cylindrical enclosure will be stronger. From the publicly released information by Focardi and Rossi it is known that a small gamma radiation exists. For this purpose the E-cat described in the Rossi patent contains a lead jacket. For the E-cat HT reactors that were tested by G. Levi et al., however, a lead jacket was not noticed. This does not mean that there is not any radiation shield. With the advancement of nanotechnology a new way of effective gamma radiation shield is developed. This has been in focus of NASA research for years.
Tungsten alloy material is suitable for gamma radiation protection, for more details, you could visit http://www.tungsten-alloy.com/tungsten-alloy-radiation-shielding.html.

Gamma Radiation from the Nickel Nanopowder

For gamma energy in the order of 6 MeV, the wavelength is about 0.2 pm. This wavelength is a few orders smaller than the gaps between the nanopowder particles. The gas occupying the gaps has a refractive index close to one, while the refractive index of the nanoparticle material for the wavelength of 0.2 pm is much higher. Then the emitted gamma rays from the nickel nanopowder in the bulk will undergo multiple reflections, refractions and absorption, so the energy they loose will be converted to heat. Some proper attenuated gamma rays will produce Rydberg hydrogen that is useful for the cold fusion. Only not absorbed attenuated gamma rays may escape the fuel powder, so they must be shielded.
Tungsten alloy material is suitable for gamma radiation protection, for more details, you could visit http://www.tungsten-alloy.com/tungsten-alloy-radiation-shielding.html.